"Leverage pry-off method" for effective prevention of thermal injury during microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the safety and efficacy of"leverage pry-off method"for preventing thermal injury during microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules.@*METHODS@#From July, 2017 to September, 2019, a total of 348 patients with benign thyroid nodules underwent ultrasound-guided microwave ablation. For protecting from thermal injury during the ablation, "hydrodissection technique" was used in 174 of the patients (admitted from July, 2017 to August, 2018) and "leverage pry-off method" in the other 174 patients (admitted from September, 2018 to September, 2019). All the patients were followed up for 1 to 12 months after the operation for observation of severe complications and nodular residues.@*RESULTS@#Ultrasound-guided microwave ablation was completed in all the 348 patients. The most common severe complication associated with the ablation was voice change, occurring in 3 cases (1.7%) in "hydrodissection technique" group and in 4 (2.3%) in the "leverage pry-off method" group, showing no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). During the follow-up, no significant difference was found in the rate of nodular residues between the "hydrodissection technique" group and "hydrodissection technique" group (9.8% vs 10.9% (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The "leverage pry-off method" is simple and effective for preventing thermal injury during microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules.

Microwave sensor for recognition of abnormal nodule tissue on body surface / 生物医学工程学杂志

For the detection and identification of abnormal nodular tissues on the body surface, a microwave sensor structure loaded with a spiral resonator is proposed in this paper, a sensor simulation model is established using HFSS software, the structural parameters are optimized, and the actual sensor is fabricated. The S21 parameters of the tissue were obtained when nodules appeared by simulation, and the characteristic relationship between the difference of S21 parameters with position was analyzed and tested experimentally. The results showed that when nodules were present in normal tissues, the curve of S21 parameter difference with position change had obvious inverted bimodal characteristics, and the extreme value of S21 parameter difference appeared when the sensor was directly above the nodules, which was easy to identify the position of nodules. It provides an objective detection tool for the identification of abnormal nodular tissues on the body surface.

Ultrasound-guided anhydrous ethanol and microwave ablation for functional parathyroid cyst: a case report / 南方医科大学学报

We report a case of functional parathyroid cyst treated by ultrasound-guided anhydrous ethanol sclerotherapy and microwave ablation. The 63-year-old female patient was diagnosed to have functional parathyroid cyst with hypercalcemia, high PTH and cystic space-occupying lesions in the neck by ultrasound, radionuclide scanning and PTH measurement of the cystic fluid. The patient refused to receive cyst resection, and anhydrous ethanol sclerotherapy with microwave ablation was performed under ultrasound guidance. The procedure was completed smoothly without any complications either during or after the operation. Follow-up examination of the patient at 18 months after the operation showed a significant reduction of the mass and normal blood calcium and iPTH levels, demonstrating a clinical cure of the patient. Ablative treatment of functional parathyroid cyst has not been documented so far. This approach provides a minimally invasive treatment modality for such cases where surgical resection is not an option, but its efficacy and safety need to be evaluated in more cases with longer follow-up time.

Expert consensus on microwave ablation for benign breast nodules / 中华内科杂志

Because mammary glands are regulated by endocrine factors, they are prone to various abnormalities and disorders. Breast nodules are common and occur frequently in clinical practice. The clinical management of breast nodules mainly includes follow-up observation, lesion biopsy, and surgical intervention, and surgical intervention is an effective treatment. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation is a new minimally invasive treatment technology developed in recent years. It has the advantages of short operation time, no scarring, less damage to the lactiferous duct, quick recovery, and good curative effects without bleeding. The establishment of an expert consensus on microwave ablation for benign breast nodules aims to provide a reliable clinical basis for microwave ablation of benign breast nodules, standardize the treatment process, and improve treatment efficacy, so as to serve as a reference for physicians in clinical practice.

Microwave-assisted extraction and content determination of astilbin in Lysiphyllum strychnifolium stems

Abstract Lysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz. (in Thai name, Ya nang daeng) has been traditionally used to treat fever, alcohol intoxication, cancer, allergies, and blood toxins. It can be used as a health-promoting herbal tea and contains hydroalcoholic extracts. The purpose of the present study was to develop a microwave-assisted extraction method for astilbin in L. strychnifolium stems. HPLC was used to determine astilbin content. Three extraction conditions were optimized: types of solvent, microwave power levels, and the number of extraction cycles. Water:methanol (40:60) was the best solvent for astilbin extraction from L. strychnifolium stems using 450 watts and six microwave-assisted extraction cycles. This technique offers important advantages over conventional methods, such as shorter extraction times, substantial energy savings, and a reduced environmental burden.

Protective Effects of Anthocyanins Extracted from Vaccinium Uliginosum on 661W Cells Against Microwave-Induced Retinal Damage / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the protective effect of anthocyanins extracted from Vaccinium Uliginosum (VU) on retinal 661W cells against microwave radiation induced retinal injury.@*METHODS@#661W cells were divided into 6 groups, including control, model [661W cells radiated by microwave (30 mW/cm2, 1 h)] and VU groups [661W cells pretreated with anthocyanins extracted from VU (25, 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL, respectively) for 48 h, and radiated by microwave 30 mW/cm2, 1 h]. After treatment with different interventions, the cell apoptosis index (AI) was determined using Heochst staining; contents of malonaldehyde (MDA), glutataione (GSH), and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1(HO-1) were detected by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the expression of HO-1 protein was examined by Western blot analysis. Nucleus and cytoplasm were separated and Nrf2 protein expression was further verified by Western blot analysis.@*RESULTS@#There was significant difference in AI among the groups (F=322.83, P<;0.05). Compared with the control group, AI was significantly higher in the model group and was lower in 4 VU-pretreated groups (P<;0.05). Linear regression analysis showed the decline of AI was in a dose-dependent manner with VU treatment (r=0.8419, P<;0.05). The MDA and GSH contents of 661W cells in VU-treated groups were significantly lower than the model group (P<;0.05). Compared with the model group, the SOD activity in the VU-treated groups (50, 100 and 200 µg/mL) was significantly higher (all P<;0.05). The Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA expressions were slightly increased after irradiation, and obviously increased in 100 µg/mL VU-treated group. After irradiation, the relative expressions of HO-1 and Nrf2 proteins in nucleus were slightly increased (P<;0.05), and the changes in cytoplasm were not obvious, whereas it was significantly increased in both nucleus and cytoplasm in the VU treatment groups.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Anthocyanins extracted from VU could reduce apoptosis, stabilize cell membrane, and alleviate oxidant injury of mouse retinal photoreceptor 661W cells. The mechanism might be through activating Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway and inducing HO-1 transcription and translation.

20-Hydroxyecdysone Improves Neuronal Differentiation of Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells in High Power Microwave Radiation-Exposed Rats / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#The hippocampus is thought to be a vulnerable target of microwave exposure. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) acted as a fate regulator of adult rat hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs). Furthermore, we investigated if 20E attenuated high power microwave (HMP) radiation-induced learning and memory deficits.@*Methods@#Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal controls, radiation treated, and radiation+20E treated. Rats in the radiation and radiation+20E treatment groups were exposed to HPM radiation from a microwave emission system. The learning and memory abilities of the rats were assessed using the Morris water maze test. Primary adult rat hippocampal NSCs were isolated in vitro and cultured to evaluate their proliferation and differentiation. In addition, hematoxylin & eosin staining, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were used to detect changes in the rat brain and the proliferation and differentiation of the adult rat hippocampal NSCs after HPM radiation exposure.@*Results@#The results showed that 20E induced neuronal differentiation of adult hippocampal NSCs from HPM radiation-exposed rats via the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway in vitro. Furthermore, 20E facilitated neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the rat brain following HPM radiation exposure. Administration of 20E attenuated learning and memory deficits in HPM radiation-exposed rats and frizzled-related protein (FRZB) reduced the 20E-induced nuclear translocation of β-catenin, while FRZB treatment also reversed 20E-induced neuronal differentiation of NSCs in vitro.@*Conclusion@#These results suggested that 20E was a fate regulator of adult rat hippocampal NSCs, where it played a role in attenuating HPM radiation-induced learning and memory deficits.

Rapid hemostasis: a novel and effective outpatient procedure using microwave ablation to control epistaxis of isolated mucosal bulge lesions / Hemostasia rápida: um procedimento ambulatorial novo e eficaz utilizando ablação por micro-ondas para controlar a epistaxe de lesões isoladas protuberantes da mucosa

Abstract Introduction Recurrent epistaxis is commonly encountered in the rhinology outpatient clinic. Under endoscopic guidance, both bipolar cautery and monopolar forceps (combined with suction) have been employed to control the bleeding. However, the use of monopolar forceps requires the placement of grounding pads. Most procedures are currently performed in operating rooms. Objective We investigated outcomes after the use of Microwave Ablation (MWA) to control epistaxis in adults with isolated mucosal bulge lesions. All procedures were performed with patients under local anesthesia in our outpatient clinic. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study. We included 83 adults with epistaxis of isolated mucosal bulge lesions. Microwave ablation was performed in the outpatient clinic to control bleeding, after induction of local anesthesia. The primary outcome was successful hemostasis. The secondary outcomes were the rebleeding rates at weeks 1 and 4 and month 6, and complications (crust or synechiae formation, septal perforation, and/or orbit or brain complications). Results All bleeding points were successfully ablated; hemostasis was achieved within 1-2 min. The mean pain score was 1.83 intra-operatively and 0.95 1 h postoperatively. No patient re-bled, and no severe MWA-related complication (septal perforation, synechiae formation, or orbit or brain complication) was recorded to 6 months of follow-up. Conclusions Endoscopic microwave ablation with patients under local anesthesia is a novel, safe, effective, rapid, well-tolerated, outpatient treatment for adults with epistaxis of isolated mucosal bulge lesions, especially those for whom general anesthesia might be risky, those with electrical implants, and those exhibiting contraindications for arterial embolization.

Resumo Introdução Epistaxe recorrente é comumente encontrada no ambulatório de rinologia. Sob orientação endoscópica, foram empregados tanto o cautério bipolar quanto a pinça monopolar (combinados à sucção) para controlar a condição. No entanto, o uso de pinças monopolares requer a colocação de placas de aterramento. Atualmente, a maioria dos procedimentos é feita em salas de cirurgia. Objetivo Investigamos os resultados após o uso da ablação por micro-ondas (MWA, do inglês Microwave Ablation) no controle da epistaxe em adultos com lesões isoladas protuberantes da mucosa. Todos os procedimentos foram feitos em nosso ambulatório com os pacientes sob anestesia local. Métodos Estudo de coorte retrospectivo. Foram incluídos 83 adultos com epistaxe de lesões isoladas protuberantes da mucosa. A ablação por micro-ondas foi feita no ambulatório para controlar o sangramento, após a administração de anestesia local. O desfecho primário foi uma hemostasia bem-sucedida. Os desfechos secundários foram as taxas de ressangramento, nas semanas 1 e 4 e no mês 6, e complicações (formação de crostas ou sinéquias, perfuração septal e/ou complicações orbitais ou cerebrais). Resultados Todos os pontos de sangramento foram contidos com sucesso; a hemostasia foi alcançada em 1-2 minutos. O escore médio de dor foi de 1,83 no intraoperatório e de 0,95 1 h no pós-operatório. Nenhum paciente apresentou ressangramento e nenhuma complicação grave relacionada à MWA (perfuração septal, formação de sinéquias ou complicações orbitais ou cerebrais) foi registrada em 6 meses de seguimento. Conclusões A ablação endoscópica por micro-ondas com pacientes sob anestesia local é um tratamento ambulatorial novo, seguro, eficaz, rápido e bem tolerado para adultos com epistaxe de lesões isoladas protuberantes da mucosa, especialmente aqueles para os quais a anestesia geral pode ser arriscada, indivíduos com implantes elétricos e aqueles com contraindicações para embolização arterial.

Application of hyperbolic heat transfer model in atrial fibrillation microwave ablation / 生物医学工程学杂志

The effect of relaxation time in hyperbolic heat transfer model on the temperature field of microwave ablation of atrial fibrillation was investigated. And the results were compared with those calculated by Pennes model. A three-dimensional model of microwave ablation of atrial fibrillation was constructed. The relaxation time (

Monitoring microwave ablation using ultrasound backscatter homodyned K imaging: Comparison of estimators / 生物医学工程学杂志

The feasibility of ultrasound backscatter homodyned K model parametric imaging (termed homodyned K imaging) to monitor coagulation zone during microwave ablation was investigated. Two recent estimators for the homodyned K model parameter, RSK (the estimation method based on the signal-to-noise ratio, the skewness, and the kurtosis of the amplitude envelope of ultrasound) and XU (the estimation method based on the first moment of the intensity of ultrasound,

Strategies for potential toughening of acrylic denture bases polymerized with microwave energy

Abstract Thiourethane additives have been shown to improve properties in several dental polymer applications. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the addition of thiourethane oligomers and acrylamide or isobornyl-based plasticizers on the physical properties of the denture base acrylic resin polymerized with microwaves. Thiourethane oligomer (TU) was synthetized and added to microwaved acrylic resin in proportions varying between 3 and 14 wt%. Separate experimental groups included the addition of dimethyl acrylamide (DMAM) and isobornyl methacrylate as plasticizers, at concentrations varying from 5 to 20 wt%. Samples were polymerized using microwave energy at 500 Watts for 3 min, deflasked at room temperature, stored in water at 37 °C for 24 h, and evaluated for: linear dimensional change, gloss, Knoop hardness, surface roughness, impact strength, yield strength, elastic modulus, toughness, yield strength, viscosity, glass transition temperature and network heterogeneity, and water sorption/solubility. Data were analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey's post-hoc test (a=5%). The addition of TU led to properties that were similar or worse than the materials to which it was not added, except for dimensional stability. The impact on properties was statistically significant for all materials above 20% addition of TU. The addition of DMAM at 5 wt% or isobornyl methacrylate at 10 wt% improved yield strength and modulus, but increased water sorption and solubility. Except for dimensional stability, the addition of thiourethane oligomers to acrylic denture base materials compromised most tested properties. The use of DMAM and isobornyl methacrylate improved properties for selected compositions.

Resumo Aditivos de tiouretano demonstraram melhorar propriedades de polímeros em diversas aplicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da adição de oligômeros de tiouretano, monômeros de acrilamida ou baseados em funcionalidade isobornil na propriedades físicas de bases de dentadura de acrílico polimerizadas em micro-ondas. O oligômero de tiouretano (TU) foi sintetizado e adicionado à resina acrílica em proporções variando de 3 a 14% em peso. Dimetil acrilamida (DMAM) e isobornil metacrilato (IBMA) foram adicionados em formulações separadas como plastificantes em concentrações variando de 5 a 20% em peso. As amostras foram polimerizadas usando energia de micro-ondas (500 Watts oor 3 min), desincluídas da mufla a temperature ambiente, armazenadas em água a 37°C por 24 h, e submetidas aos testes de: alteração dimensional linear, brilho, dureza Knoop, rugosidade superficial, resistência ao impacto, tensão normal de escoamento, módulo de elasticidade, tenacidade, viscosidade, temperatura de transição vítrea e heterogeneidade da rede polimérica, além de sorção de água e solubilidade. Os dados foram analisados com ANOVA e teste de Tukey (a=5%). A adição de TU não afetou ou diminuiu todas as propriedades, exceto pela estabilidade dimensional. O impacto nas propriedades foi estatisticamente significante para todos os materiais em concentrações acima de 20% de TU. Isso pode ser explicado por um encurtamento das cadeias e diminuição do empacotamento das cadeias lineares do PMMA. A adição de 5% de DMAM ou 10% de isobornil metacrilato melhoraram a tensão de escoamento e o módulo, mas aumentaram a sorção de água e solubilidade. Exceto pela estabilidade dimensional, a adição de oligômeros de tiouretano à bases de dentatura compostas por resina acrílica prejudicou todas a propriedades testadas. O uso de DMAM e isobornil metacrilato melhorou as propriedades para composições selecionadas.

Efeito da polimerização adicional com micro-ondas na rugosidade superficial de duas resinas compostas / Effect of additional microwave polymerization on the surface rugosity of two compound resins

Introdução: a resina composta é um dos materiais restauradores mais pesquisados na Odontologia, visando melhorias nas suas propriedades e aperfeiçoamento da técnica. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a rugosidade superficial de duas resinas compostas, micro-híbrida e nanoparticulada, após a polimerização adicional com micro-ondas. Materiais e métodos: para cada resina composta, foram confeccionados 24 corpos de prova, medindo 0,8 cm de diâmetro interno por 0,2 cm de espessura, dos quais, 12 receberam polimerização adicional com micro-ondas e 12, apenas a polimerização com luz azul visível. Foram estabelecidos quatro grupos: G1 - resina micro-híbrida submetida à polimerização convencional; G2 - resina nanoparticulada submetida à polimerização convencional; G3 - resina micro-híbrida exposta à polimerização adicional em forno de micro-ondas caseiro; e G4 - nanoparticulada exposta à polimerização adicional em forno de micro-ondas caseiro. Os corpos de prova foram lixados em politriz, com o intuito de uniformizar as superfícies, seguindo com leitura no rugosímetro digital Mitutoyo SJ 301. O teste não paramétrico Exato de Mann-Whitney (significância de 5%) foi realizado utilizando a média aritmética (Ra, µm). Conclusão: não houve significância estatística entre os tipos de polimerização e nem entre as diferentes resinas compostas estudadas.(AU)

Introduction: composite resin is one of the most researched restorative materials in dentistry, aiming to improve its properties and improve the technique. This work aims to evaluate the superficial rugosity of two composite resins, microhybrid and nanoparticulate, after additional polymerization with microwaves. Materials and methods: for each composite resin, 24 specimens were made, measuring 0.8cm internal diameter by 0.2cm thick, of which 12 received additional microwave polymerization and 12 visible-blue-light polymerization only. Four groups were established: G1 - microhybrid resin subjected to conventional polymerization; G2 - nanoparticulate resin subjected to conventional polymerization; G3 - microhybrid resin exposed to additional polymerization in a home microwave oven; and G4 - nanoparticulate exposed to additional polymerization in a home microwave oven. The specimens were sanded in a polishing machine in order to standardize the surfaces, followed by reading on the Mitutoyo SJ 301 digital roughness meter. The Mann-Whitney Exact nonparametric test (5% significance) was performed using the arithmetic mean (Ra, µm). Conclusion: there was no statistical significance between the polymerization types and neither among the different composite resins studied.(AU)

Efecto de cocción en horno convencional y microondas sobre rancidez, pérdida por cocción y diferencia sensorial de hamburguesas / Effect of conventional oven versus microwave cooking on rancidity, cooking loss and sensory difference of hamburger patties

El uso de microondas está muy extendido a nivel doméstico gracias a su rapidez y facilidad de uso. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar el efecto de cocción de hamburguesas de distintos tipos de carne, en microondas y en horno convencional, sobre la pérdida de peso y estabilidad oxidativa. Además, determinar si existen diferencias desde el punto de vista sensorial aplicando una prueba triangular, comparando 2 productos presentados en tríos, uno que corresponde a hamburguesa cocida en microondas y otro a hamburguesa cocida en horno convencional. Se adquirieron hamburguesas de pollo, pavo, cerdo y vacuno en el comercio, se cocinaron en horno convencional y en microondas. Se calculó pérdida por cocción, se evaluó la rancidez y diferencias sensoriales entre hamburguesas del mismo tipo de carne, cocidas en distinto tipo de horno. La pérdida por cocción fue menor en hamburguesas cocidas en microondas. La acidez e índice de peróxido aumentaron en las muestras cocidas en ambos tipos de hornos respecto a hamburguesas crudas. La acidez fue mayor en hamburguesas cocidas en horno convencional, y el índice de peróxido fue mayor en hamburguesas cocidas en microondas, llegando a 10,6 meq O2/kg. En el análisis sensorial se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) entre las hamburguesas cocidas en horno convencional y en microondas. Resulta mejor opción cocinar hamburguesas en horno convencional, ya que el índice de peróxidos es menor que al cocinar en microondas; dentro del tipo de hamburguesas, son más estables las de vacuno y cerdo frente a la oxidación.

The use of microwaves is very widespread at the domestic level thanks to its speed and ease of use. The aim of this study was to compare cooking loss, rancidity and sensory differences for hamburger patties cooked in conventional versus microwave ovens. We also determined sensorial differences with the triangular test, comparing two products presented in threesomes, one that corresponded to a patty cooked in the microwave and the other in a conventional oven. Chicken, turkey, pork and beef patties were purchased commercially, cooked in a conventional oven and in microwaves. Cooking loss was calculated, rancidity and sensory differences were evaluated between patties of the same type of meat and cooked in the different oven types. Cooking loss was lower in patties cooked in microwaves compared to those cooked in conventional ovens. For both oven types, acidity and peroxide index increased with respect to raw ones. Acidity was higher in hamburgers cooked in conventional ovens and the peroxide index was higher in burgers cooked in microwaves, reaching 10.6 meq O2/kg. In sensory analysis, significant differences were found (p<0.05) between patties cooked in a conventional oven and in microwaves. It is a better option to cook patties in a conventional oven, because the peroxide index is smaller than in microwaves; and within types of patties, beef and pork are more stable against oxidation.

Treatment of spine metastases by open decompression, microwave ablation combined with open vertebroplasty and pedicle screw rod system / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the preliminary clinical effective of open decompression, microwave ablation combined with open vertebroplasty and pedicle screw rod system in the treatment of spine metastases.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 12 patients with spine metastases were retrospectively analyzed, they were treated with open decompression, microwave ablation combined with open vertebroplasty and pedicle screw rod system between January 2014 and January 2016. Six males and 6 females were included, aged from 30 to 75 years old with an average of 55.6 years. There were 5 cases with spine metastases from lung cancer, 2 from breast cancer, 2 from thyroid cancer, 2 from renal cancer and 1 from liver cancer. Sevencases were thoracic metastases and 5 cases were lumbar metastases. Tomita score were mainly arranging from 3 to 6 points. According to ASIA neurologic grading system, 3 patients were grade C, 1 was grade D, 8 were grade E. Preoperative VAS score was 8.3±0.4. VAS was used to evaluate the clinical effect at 1, 3, 6 months after operation and final follow-up.@*RESULTS@#All operations were successful and the amount of blood loss during surgery was 500 to 2 050 ml (average of 850 ml), operation time was 3.5 to 5.5 h (average of 4.5 h). There was no nerve root injury during surgery. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in 3 cases after surgery, which were healed after conservative treatment. Superficial infection of the incision occurred in 2 cases, which were healed after dressing change. There was one case of pulmonary infection. No deep infection, lower limb thrombosis or other complications were found. All 12 patients were followed up for 9 -40 months with an average of 28.6 months. The clinical symptoms of all patients were significantly improved, and the motor function of the lower limbs was recovered to varying degrees. According to ASIA grade, 2 cases of grade C were improved to grade B;1 case of grade C did not recover significantly;1 case of grade D was improved to grade E. One patient died of primary liver cancer 10 months after surgery. Local tumor recurrence occurred in 1 patient during follow up period. The VAS scores were 2.7±0.6, 2.5±0.4, 2.6±0.5, and 2.5±0.5 at 1, 3, 6 months after surgery and at final follow-up, which were significantly improved compared with the score before surgery(<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Open decompression, microwave ablation combined with open vertebroplasty and pedicle screw rod system in the treatment of spine metastases show some effects, with less intraoperative blood loss, shorter operation time, significant postoperative pain relief, and low tumor recurrence rate.

Study advances of microwave processing technology in traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

The iterative innovation of processing technology is one of the important tasks in studies on processing of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). It is also the prerequisite for modern, refined, automatic and intelligent manufacturing of TCM pieces. Microwave processing is a new fire processing technique developed in the recent 30 years, with a unique thermodynamic form, and energy transfer and transformation laws. Moreover, it owns the advantages of a high processing efficiency, good product properties and low production energy consumption, with great application prospects. This paper introduced the study overview of microwave expansion technology in the food industry, reviewed the origin of microwave processing technology of TCM, and expounded the basic concept, principle and main purpose of microwave processing technology used in TCM. Then, the impacts of drug factors and microwave factors on the microwave processing effect were summarized, the industrial equipment that could be used for microwave processing was listed, and the impacts of microwave heating on starch, polysaccharide, protein and other components in Chinese herbal medicines were analyzed. Furthermore, the study advance of microwave processing of 14 herbs was investigated, including Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparaia, Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum and Asini Corii Colla; and the appearance and components of herbs processed by traditional processing method and microwave processing method were compared, so as to reveal the opportunities and challenges of microwave processing technology in the industrial transformation. We hoped that the systematic study of microwave processing technology could provide new ideas and techniques for the high-quality and high-level development of the TCM pieces industry in the new era, and promote its inheritance, innovation and transformation.

Resistência à flexão de duas resinas compostas diretas após diferentes métodos de polimerização / Flexural strength of two direct composite resins after different polymerization methods

Objetivo: avaliar a influência de diferentes modos de polimerização sobre a resistência à flexão de três pontos de duas resinas compostas. Métodos: foram confeccionadas 88 amostras, sendo divididas em dois grupos, conforme a resina composta utilizada: Filtek Z350 XT e Forma. Os grupos foram subdivididos, de acordo com diferentes modos de polimerização, em: G1- Z350 por 20s a 1.000 mw/cm²; G2- Forma por 20s a 1.000 mw/cm²; G3- Z350 por 20s a 1.000 mw/cm² e micro-ondas por 3 minutos em 450w; G4- Forma por 20s a 1.000 mw/cm² e micro-ondas por 3 minutos em 450w; G5- Z350 por 2 vezes de 3s a 3.200 mw/cm²; G6- Forma por 2 vezes de 3s a 3.200 mw/cm²; G7- Z350 por 2 vezes de 3s a 3.200 mw/cm² e micro-ondas por 3 minutos em 450w; G8- Forma por 2 vezes de 3s a 3.200 mw/cm² e micro-ondas por 3 minutos em 450w. As amostras foram submetidas ao teste de resistência à flexão de 3 pontos, sob taxa de carregamento de 50 N/min, até a falha completa. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por análise de variância com dois fatores (two-way ANOVA) e teste de Tukey. Resultados: não houve diferenças estatísticas entre as resinas compostas e os modos de polimerização utilizados. Conclusão: de acordo com os resultados do estudo, e dentre suas limitações, os modos de polimerização não influenciaram a resistência à flexão, independentemente da resina composta testada. (AU)

Objective: to evaluate the influence of different polymerization modes on the three-point flexural strength of two composite resins. Methods: 88 samples were produced and divided into two groups according to the composite resin used: Filtek Z350 XT and Forma. The groups were subdivided according to different polymerization modes into: G1- Z350 for 20 s at 1000 mw/cm²; G2- Forma for 20 s at 1000 mw/cm²; G3- Z350 for 20 s at 1000 mw/cm² and microwave for 3 min at 450w; G4- Forma for 20 s at 1000 mw/cm² and microwave for 3 min at 450w; G5- Z350 2x for 3 s at 3200 mw/cm²; G6- Forma 2x for 3 s at 3200 mw/cm²; G7- Z350 2x for 3 s at 3200 mw/cm² and microwave for 3 min at 450w; and G8- Forma 2x for 3 s at 3200 mw/cm² and microwave for 3 min at 450w. The samples were subjected to the three-point flexural strength test under a 50 N/min loading rate until complete failure. The data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Results: there were no statistical differences between the composite resins and the polymerization modes used. Conclusion: according to the study results and within its limitations, the polymerization modes did not affect flexural strength, regardless of the composite resin tested. (AU)

Determinação de protocolo para descristalização de mel em micro-ondas / Standard to melt honey with microwaves

O presente estudo teve como objetivo obter um protocolo para descristalização do mel de forma a não alterar os parâmetros físico-químicos. Para o estudo, foram utilizadas amostras de mel que estavam cristalizadas nos locais de compra, sendo estas submetidas em micro-ondas a diferentes níveis de potência (Mínima, Média e Alta) e tempos (5, 10, 15 e 20 segundos). As amostras de mel apresentaram valores de 2,57 a 3,58 mg.kg de hidroximetilfurfural (HMF). Além da análise de HMF, foram avaliados também o teor de umidade, Teste de Fiehe, Prova de Lugol e Lund, sendo obtidos resultados dentro do preconizado na legislação brasileira. Um protocolo adequado para descristalizaçao de mel em micro-ondas foi obtido com uso de potência média e com tempo de 15 segundos.

Efeito da forma de aquecimento em parâmetros de qualidade e identidade de óleos vegetais / Effect of the heating means in quality and identity parameters of vegetable oils

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar parâmetros de identidade e qualidade de óleo de abacate produzido nacionalmente, comparativamente a azeite de oliva e óleo de arroz, após aquecimento em bloco digestor ou micro-ondas. Avaliaram-se amostras sem aquecimento (controle) e aquecidas por 1:30 h em bloco digestor ou 3 min em micro-ondas. Determinaram-se a acidez e os índices iodo e refração. Os resultados indicaram que houve aumento de acidez, redução no índice de iodo e índice de refração após o aquecimento. Apesar do maior valor de acidez após o aquecimento, o óleo de abacate sofreu menor elevação em relação ao controle (cerca de 4 vezes) do que as demais amostras. O impacto do aquecimento foi maior no óleo de arroz, seguido do azeite de oliva. O aquecimento por micro-ondas afetou mais a qualidade das amostras que o aquecimento em bloco digestor.

Estabilidade térmica de pigmentos em óleo de abacate, arroz e azeite de oliva / Thermal stability of pigments in avocado, rice and olive oil

Sabe-se que o aquecimento do óleo pode alterar sua composição, degradando ácidos graxos e compostos minoritários. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a estabilidade térmica dos pigmentos carotenoides e clorofilas no óleo de abacate produzido nacionalmente, em comparação com óleo de arroz e azeite de oliva após aquecimento a 180 ºC em micro-ondas, por 3, 6, 9 e 12 minutos. Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre as amostras em todos os tempos de análise, tanto para clorofilas quanto para carotenoides. Na avaliação ao longo do tempo de aquecimento somente foi verificada alteração significativa no teor de clorofilas do azeite de oliva, ainda que no óleo de abacate os percentuais de perda tenham sido maiores. Verificou-se que os teores dos pigmentos avaliados foram significativamente maiores no óleo de abacate em relação ao azeite de oliva e o óleo de arroz, mesmo após o aquecimento por 12 minutos. Destaca-se a importância destas informações para estimular o consumo do óleo de abacate.

Effects of different methods on drying root canal by near-field microwave detection system / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To set up near-field microwave detection system, to evaluate the accuracy of measuring water and to compare the effects of different methods on drying root canal.@*METHODS@#Known and quantitative distilled water in Eppendorf tube and root canal was detected by near-field microwave detection system which was set up first. The microwave reflection coefficient was recorded so as to evaluate the accuracy of the measuring water. 12 single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth with apical matureness and a curvature less than 10° were decoronated, leaving roots 14 mm in length. After instrumentation to F3, the root canals were air-dried and injected with 10 μL distilled water each. Then all the root canals were assigned to 4 groups (n=12) according to different methods on root canal drying. Near-field microwave detection system was used to detect the change of water after air-drying and root canal drying so as to evaluate the effects of different root canal drying methods: (1) negative control group, the canals were injected with 10 μL distilled water and no root canal drying method was performed; (2) paper points drying experimental group, four #60 paper points were used to blot-dry the middle and upper part of the canal, followed by #40 paper points blot-drying the apical area. The above step was repeated with the tip of paper point that appeared with no water under microscope as finished; (3) 95% (volume fraction) ethanol drying experimental group, after the distilled water was removed with paper points (similar to paper points experimental group), 10 μL 95% ethanol was injected into the canal and was left in place for 10 s, then paper points were used to dry the canal; (4) 70% (volume fraction) isopropyl alcohol drying experimental group, after the distilled water was removed with paper points (similar to paper points experimental group), 10 μL 70% isopropyl alcohol was injected into the canal and was left in place for 10 s, then paper points were used to dry the canal. The linear correlation analysis was used to test the accuracy of the measuring water by near-field microwave detection method and physical measurement. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated based on the data. The effects of different methods on drying root canal were analyzed by Chi square test.@*RESULTS@#The R2 for the microwave reflection coefficient and the physical measurement of the water in Eppendorf tube and root canal were 0.991 and 0.970. The microwave reflection coefficient in all the experimental groups showed significant difference (P<0.05). After drying with paper points, the residual water was the most, and the microwave reflection coefficient was the highest: 0.023. While after 70% isopropyl alcohol drying root canal, the residual water was the least with the microwave reflection coefficient 0.006, showing that the effect of drying was the best.@*CONCLUSION@#Near-field microwave detection system could detect the change of water in root canal. The effect of root canal drying by 70% isopropyl alcohol was superior to 95% ethanol and paper points.